الدبلوماسية الدينية وبناء السلام: مقاربة فقهية إسلامية في ضوء منهج أهل السنة والجماعة Faith-Based Diplomacy and Peacebuilding: An Islamic Jurisprudential Perspective in Light of the Methodology of Ahl as-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah

نوع المستند : المقالة الأصلية

المؤلف

مرکز الأزهر العالمي للرصد والفتوى الإلکترونية – مشيخة الأزهر الشريف – جمهورية مصر العربية

المستخلص

الدبلوماسية الدينية وبناء السلام: مقاربة فقهية إسلامية
في ضوء منهج أهل السنة والجماعة
حسام الدين عاطف محمد علام
 مرکز الأزهر العالمي للرصد والفتوى الإلکترونية – مشيخة الأزهر الشريف – جمهورية مصر العربية 
 البريد الإلکتروني: hossameddeen@azharonline.edu.eg
الملخص:
يهدف البحث إلى:بيان طبيعة العلاقة بين الدبلوماسية الدينية وبناء السلام من منظور الفقه الإسلامي في ضوء منهج أهل السنة والجماعة الذي يعتمده الأزهر الشريف، وموقف الفقه الإسلامي من الحصانات الدبلوماسية، ولتحقيق ذلک، کان من الضروري أن يبدأ البحث بتسليط الضوء على أصل کلمة الدبلوماسية ومغزاها، ومفاهيم الدبلوماسية الدينية وبناء السلام إلى جانب إطلالة متفحصة على الدبلوماسية وممارساتها في شبه الجزيرة العربية قبل بزوغ فجر الإسلام.
    علاوة على ذلک، ينظر هذا البحث في طبيعة العلاقة المعيارية بين المسلمين وغير المسلمين، ويرجح مذهب أن الأصل في علاقة المسلمين بغير المسلمين هو السلام، وموقع الحصانة الدبلوماسية في الفقه الإسلامي، وهو يرتکز بشکل أساسي على محاولة تأطير الممارسات الدبلوماسية المتعارف عليها دوليًّا لبناء السلام في ضوء المصادر الأصلية للفقه الإسلامي في إطار منهج الأزهر الشريف الوسطي الذي يمثل معقل أهل السنة والجماعة عالميًّا.
    وقد اعتمد الباحث المنهج الاستقرائي التحليلي والذي کشف عن أن البشرية تعيش في الوقت الحاضر في "قرية عالمية"؛ حيث لا يستطيع أي إنسان أن يعيش في عزلة عما يحدث في أي مکان آخر؛ فإن عالمنا مترابط للغاية لدرجة أن التعايش السلمي أصبح السبيل الوحيدَ للمضيِّ قُدُمًا نحو التقدم والاستقرار؛ ففي القرن الحادي والعشرين، لا يزال للدين والإيمان والمُقدَّسات دورًا محوريًا في تشکيل وعي الناس والتأثير على مواقفهم واتجاهاتهم، على الرغم من الأحداث المؤلمة والمتکررة التي نتجت عن إساءة استخدام التعاليم الدينية المختلفة من قبل بعض أتباعها المزعومين لتبرير العنف أو التحريض عليه؛ وذلک على الرغم من وجود قواسمَ مشترکةٍ إيجابية بين الشرائع الدينية المختلفة؛ لذلک، فإن الحوار المتحضر الذي يرتکز على البحث العلمي والممارسات الدبلوماسية التي تحترم القانون هي أدوات أساسية في تحقيق بناء السلام العالمي المنشود. 
  وهذا البحث هو مساهمة متواضعة لإثراء هذا الحوار من منظور فقهي داخل دين سماوي واسع الانتشار عالميًّا، حيث إنه هو الدين الذي يعتنقه ما يقرب من خُمس سکان کوکب الأرض؛ وعلى الرغم من ذلک فإنه يُساء فهمه إلى حد کبير أکثر من أي دين آخر، حتى من قبل بعض أتباعه أحيانًا.
وقد توصل الباحث إلى عدة مقترحات أهمها:إنشاء مرکز الأزهر العالمي لتحليل الصراعات وبناء السلام، وضرورة إدراج مادة العلاقات الدولية ضمن مقررات الأزهر الشريف الجامعية. 
Faith-Based Diplomacy and Peacebuilding: An Islamic Jurisprudential Perspective in Light of the Methodology of Ahl as-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah
Hossam Ed-Deen Attef Muhammad Allam
Al-Azhar Global Centre for Observing and Online Fatwa – Mashyakhet Al-Azhar – The Arab Republic of Egypt.
E-mail: hossameddeen@azharonline.edu.eg
Abstract
   Seeking to fathom the nexus between faith-based peacebuilding as well as the stance of Islamic jurisprudence on diplomatic immunities, this paper, through employing a deductive and analytical approach, at the outset, commences with an elucidation of the etymology and significance of the notions of diplomacy, faith-based diplomacy, and peacebuilding as used in the literature of international relations and diplomacy. It provides a critical investigation of the nature of diplomacy in Pre-Islamic Arabia in practical terms through highlighting tangible instances. Subsequently, the essay attempts to explore the multi-faceted nature of the relations between Muslim and non-Muslims. Finally, it provides a set of concluding remarks and recommendations concerning the growing role of the faith-based diplomacy, especially with regards to the institution of Al-Azhar, in shaping the strategies of conflict amelioration and peacebuilding.

الكلمات الرئيسية


  1. Reference List

    1. Abdel Haleem, M.A., Sharif, Adil Umar & Daniels, Kate, 2003. Criminal justice in Islam: judicial procedure in the Sharia, London; New York: New York: I.B. Tauris; Distributed by Palgrave Macmillan in the United States and Canada.
    2. Abusulayman, A.A. & International Institute of Islamic Thought, 1993. Towards an Islamic theory of international relations: new directions for methodology and thought. 2nd ed., Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: International Islamic Publishing House.
    3. Aceves, W.J., 1998. The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations: A Study of Rights, Wrongs, and Remedies. Vand. j. Transnat'l L., 31, p.257.
    4. Al-Abyari, I., 1955. al-Sirah al-nabawiyah (The Biography of Prophetphet Muhammad) 2nd ed., Cairo: Mustafa al-Babi al-Halabi.
    5. Al-Azhar Portal. 2017. Dar al-Harb (Abode of War). [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.azhar.eg/observer-en/dar-al-harb-abode-of-war-9. [Accessed 2 January 2019].
    6. Al-Shafi'I, M.I.I., 1961. Islamic jurisprudence: Shafi'i's Risala, Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins U.P.
    7. Al-Zuhayli, W., 1981. al-‘Ilāqāt al-Duwaliyah fī al-Islām (International Relations in Islam). 1st ed. Beirut: Mu’asassat al-Risālah Publishing House.
    8. Anne Dienelt ed., Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (1963). Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (1963). Available at: http://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e1003.
    9. Anon, 2013. Religious diplomacy. (CENTURY marks). The Christian Century, 130(17), p.8.
    10. Appleby, R.S. & Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, 2000. The ambivalence of the sacred [electronic resource]: religion, violence, and reconciliation, Lanham, MD; Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield.
    11. At-Tayyib, A., 2014. Al-Azhar Stands Against Misconceptions. 1st ed. Cairo: Al-Azhar Al-Sharif.
    12. At-Tirmidhi. 2018. Sunnan At-Tirmidhi. [ONLINE] Available at: https://sunnah.com/tirmidhi/27. [Accessed 19 December 2018].
    13. Averroës/ (Ibn Rushd Al-Andalusi the Jurist died 1198 AD), 1996. The distinguished jurist's primer. - Bidayat al-Mujtahid wa Nihayat al-Muqtasid, Reading: Garnet.
    14. Barash, D.P., 1999. Approaches to peace: a reader in peace studies, New York: Oxford University Press.
    15. Barnett, M., 2007. Peacebuilding: What is in a name? Global governance: a review of multilateralism and international organizations., 13(1), pp.35–58.
    16. Barston, R.P., 2006. Modern diplomacy 3rd ed., Harlow: Pearson/Longman.
    17. Bassiouni, M.C., International Association of Penal Law & Arab Organization for Social Defense Against Crime, 1982. The Islamic criminal justice system, London; New York: Oceana Publications.
    18. Bassiouni, M.C., 1980. Protection of Diplomats Under Islamic Law. The American Journal of International Law, 74(3), pp.609–633.
    19. Boutros-Ghali, B., 1992. An agenda for peace: preventive diplomacy, peacemaking, and peace-keeping: report of the Secretary-General pursuant to the statement adopted by the summit meeting of the Security Council on 31 January 1992, New York: United Nations.
    20. Bull, H., Hoffmann, Stanley & Hurrell, Andrew, 2012. The anarchical society: a study of order in world politics 4th ed., Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
    21. Charles, Prince. 1993. A speech by HRH The Prince of Wales titled 'Islam and the West' at the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies, The Sheldonian Theatre, Oxford. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/.../speech-hrh-prince.... [Accessed 1 January 2019].
    22. Dembinski, L., 1988. The modern law of diplomacy: external missions of states and international organizations, Dordrecht; Boston: M. Nijhoff.
    23. Denza, E., 1998. Diplomatic law: a commentary on the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 2nd ed., Oxford: New York: Clarendon Press; Oxford University Press.
    24. Fishbein, M., 1997. The history of al-Tabari. Vol. 8. The victory of Islam, Albany: State University of New York Press.
    25. Freeman Chas. W., Sally Marks. Last updated 2018. Diplomacy. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/topic/diplomacy. [Accessed 1 January 2019].
    26. Frey, Marsha L., Frey L., 2018. Diplomatic immunity. Encyclopedia Britannica, inc., [Online]. 1, 1. Available at: https://www.britannica.com/topic/diplomatic-immunity [Accessed 15 December 2018].
    27. Galtung, J. & ProQuest, 1996. Peace by peaceful means [electronic resource]: peace and conflict, development and civilization, Oslo: London; Thousand Oaks, Calif.: International Peace Research Institute; Sage Publications.
    28. Galtung, J., 1975. Essays in peace research, Copenhagen: Ejlers.
    29. Gopin, M., 1997. Religion, Violence, and Conflict Resolution. Peace & Change, 22(1), pp.1–31.
    30. Haleem, M.A., 2010. Understanding the Qur'an: themes and styles /. 2nd ed., London: Tauris.
    31. Hallaq, W.B., 2009. Shari'a: theory, practice, transformations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    32. Hamidullah, M., 1973. Muslim conduct of state. 6th ed., Lahore: Ashraf.
    33. Härter, K., 2012. Legal concepts of terrorism as political crime and international criminal law in eighteenth and nineteenth century Europe. In Post 9/11 and the State of Permanent Legal Emergency: Security and Human Rights in Countering Terrorism. Springer Netherlands, pp. 53–75.
    34. Hertog, Katrien. 2010. The Complex Reality of Religious Peacebuilding: Conceptual Contributions and Critical Analysis. Lanham, MD: Lexington Book.
    35. Huntington, S.P., 1998. The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order, London: Touchstone books.
    36. Ibn al-Athir, ‘Izz al-Din, C.J. & Al-Kamil, 1965. al-Kamil fi al-tarikh (The Comprehensive in History), Beirut: Dar Sadir.
    37. Ibn Hishām, ʻAbd al-Malik, M. & Guillaume, Alfred, 1997. The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh Jubilee series., Karachi ; New York: Oxford University Press.
    38. Ibn Khaldūn, F. & Rosenthal, Franz, 1967. The Muqaddimah: an introduction to history 2nd ed., with corrections and augmented bibliography., London: Routledge & K. Paul.
    39. Institute for Security Studies. (2015). What does proactive peacebuilding mean in practice?. [Online Video]. 7 October 2015. Available from: https://oldsite.issafrica.org/media-room/videos-and-infographics/what-does-proactive-peacebuilding-mean-in-practice.[Accessed 20 December 2018]

     

    1. Jafri, H.M., 1979. Origins and early development of Shi'a Islam, London: Longman [etc.].
    2. Johnston Douglas M. 2006. Faith-Based Diplomacy: Bridging the Religious Divide. [ONLINE] Available at: https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/p/of/proc/79221.htm. [Accessed 1 January 2019].
    3. Joseph, S., Schultz, Jenny & Castan, Melissa, 2000. The international covenant on civil and political rights: cases, materials, and commentary, Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
    4. Kamali, M.H., 1991. Principles of Islamic jurisprudence Rev., Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society.
    5. Khadduri, M., 2006. War and peace in the law of Islam, Clark, N.J.: The Lawbook Exchange.
    6. Lederach, J.P., 1997. Building peace: sustainable reconciliation in divided societies, Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press.
    7. Ledwidge, F., 2006. The Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture (OPCAT): A major step forward in the global prevention of torture. Helsinki Monitor, 17(1), pp.69–82.
    8. Little, D. and Appleby, S., 2004. A moment of opportunityReligion and peacebuilding, pp.1-23.
    9. Mani, Rama, 2012. Cure or curse? The role of religion in violent conflict and peaceful governance. (GLOBAL INSIGHTS)(Report). Global Governance, 18(2), pp.149–169.
    10. Masud, M.K., 1977. Islamic legal philosophy: a study of Abū Isḥāq al-Shāṭibī's life and thought, Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute.
    11. Nasr, S.H., 2015. The study Quran: a new translation and commentary, New York: HarperOne.
    12. Philpott, Daniel. 2012. Just and Unjust Peace: An Ethic of Political Reconciliation. New York: Oxford University Press.
    13. Powers, Gerard. 2010. “Religion and Peacebuilding.” In Strategies of Peace: Transforming Conflict in a Violent World, edited by Daniel Philpott and Gerard F. Powers, 317–352. New York: Oxford University Press.
    14. Rabi', M.M., 1967. The political theory of Ibn Khaldun., Leiden: E. J. Brill.
    15. Ryan, S., 1995. Ethnic conflict and international relations 2nd ed., Aldershot, Hants, England; Brookfield, Vt., USA: Dartmouth.
    16. Salibi, K.S. & American Council of Learned Societies, 1980. A history of Arabia [electronic resource], Delmar, N.Y.: Caravan Books.
    17. Sandal, Nukhet Ahu. 2011. “Religious Actors as Epistemic Communities in Conflict Transformation: The Cases of South Africa and Northern Ireland.” Review of International Studies 37: 929–949.
    18. Security Council Report. 2015. UN Documents for Central African Republic. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/un-documents/central-african-republic/. [Accessed 20 December 2018]
    19. Simpson, J.A., Weiner, E. S. C & Oxford University Press, 1989. The Oxford English dictionary. 2nd ed. / prepared by J.A. Simpson and E.S.C. Weiner., xford : ;rd ; : Oxford University Press: ClarendonPress ; New York.
    20. Tābandah, S. Ḥusayn & United Nations. General Assembly, 1970. A Muslim commentary on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Guildford: F. J. Goulding.
    21. Toft, Monica Duffy, Daniel Philpott, and Timothy Samuel Shah. 2011. God’s Century: Resurgent Religion and Global Politics. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
    22. Tritton, A.S., 1970. The caliphs and their non-Muslim subjects; a critical study of the Covenant of 'Umar, London: F. Cass.

    Bibliography

    1. Afzal-ur-Rahman, 1996. Subject indtheex of Quran. 4th ed., Lahore: Islamic Publications.
    2. Ali, A.Y. & Credo Reference, 2012. The Qur'an [electronic resource]: translation 7th U.S., Elmhurst, N.Y.: Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an.
    3. Anne Dienelt ed., Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (1963). Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (1963). Available at: http://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law 9780199231690-e1003.
    4. Anon, 2012. Consular Privileges And Immunities. , pp. The Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of Diplomacy.
    5. Anon, 2012. Consular Relations, Vienna Convention On (1963). , pp. The Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of Diplomacy.
    6. Berridge, G., 1995. Diplomacy: theory and practice, New York: Prentice Hall/Harvester Wheatsheaf.
    7. Boullata, I.J., 2000. Literary structures of religious meaning in the Qur'an, Richmond: Curzon.
    8. Byrne, P., 2011. Religious Tolerance, Diversity, and Pluralism. Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement, 85(68), pp.287–309.
    9. Call, C.T. & de Coning, Cedric, 2017. Rising Powers and Peacebuilding [electronic resource]: Breaking the Mold?, Cham: Springer International Publishing : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan.
    10. Cavanaugh, W.T., 2009. The myth of religious violence: secular ideology and the roots of modern conflict, New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    11. Ceasar, Mike, 2007. The Peace Professor. (John Paul Lederach). The Chronicle of Higher Education, 54(3), p.A40.
    12. Crystal, Jill, 1993. Islam and Human Rights: Tradition and Politcs. American Political Science Review, 87(1), pp.246–247.
    13. Davis, J., 2007. Africa and the war on terrorism, Aldershot: Ashgate.
    14. Devetak, R., Burke, Anthony & George, J, 2011. An introduction to international relations. 2nd ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    15. Dorman, A.M. & Kennedy, Greg, 2008. War & diplomacy: from World War I to the War on Terrorism, Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books.
    16. Fast, 2002. Toward ethically grounded conflict interventions. International negotiation., 7(2), p.185.
    17. Fazzi, C., 2011. The Moral Imagination: The Art and Soul of Building Peace. (Book review). Dispute resolution journal: of the American Arbitration Association., 66(2), p.92.
    18. Gerstein, L.H., 2002. Building Cultures of Peace: An Urgent Task for Counseling Professionals. Journal of counseling and development., 81(1), pp.115–19.
    19. Gray, C.S., 2007. War, peace and international relations: an introduction to strategic history, London: Routledge.
    20. Hertog, Katrien. 2010. The Complex Reality of Religious Peacebuilding: Conceptual Contributions and Critical Analysis. Lanham, MD: Lexington Book.
    21. Hirschmann, G., 2012. Peacebuilding in UN peacekeeping exit strategies: Organized hypocrisy and institutional reform. International peacekeeping., 19(2), pp.170–185.
    22. Huettermann, H., Doering, S. & Boerner, S., 2017. Understanding the Development of Team Identification: A Qualitative Study in UN Peacebuilding Teams. Journal of Business and Psychology, 32(2), pp.217–234.
    23. Iqbal, A., 1975. The Prophet's diplomacy: the art of negotiation as conceived and developed by the Prophet of Islam. C. Stark.
    24. Kamali, Mohammad Hashim, 2016. Caliphate and Political Jurisprudence in Islam: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. Muslim World, 106(2), pp.384–403.
    25. Kerr, P. & Wiseman, Geoffrey, 2013. Diplomacy in a globalizing world: theories and practices, New York: Oxford University Press.
    26. Khdir, R.R., 2018. Jihad Between Islamic Jurisprudence and Practice of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria. European Scientific Journal, 14(5), p.40.
    27. Lederach, J.P., Building mediative capacity in deep-rooted conflict. The Fletcher forum of world affairs., 26(1), pp.91–100.
    28. Lederach, J., 2001. Giving birth to the unexpected. Sojourners Magazine, 30(6), p.23.
    29. Lederach, J.P., 2003. The little book of conflict transformation, Intercourse, Pa.: Good Books.
    30. Lederach, J.P., 1995. Preparing for peace: conflict transformation across cultures, Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press.
    31. Maudoodi, S.A.ʻA. & Ahmad, Khurshid, 1980. Towards understanding Islam New revised., Falls Church, Va.: World Assembly of Muslim Youth.
    32. Morel, E.D. & Independent Labour Party, 1919. Pre-war diplomacy : fresh revelations., Independent Labour Party.
    33. Melissen, J., 1998. Innovation in diplomatic practice., Macmillan.
    34. Nelson-Pallmeyer, J., 2003. Is religion killing us? : Violence in the Bible and the Quran, Harrisburg, Pa.: Trinity Press International.
    35. Neufeld, M., 2015. From peacemaking to peacebuilding: the multiple endings of England's long civil wars. , 120(5), pp.1709–1723.
    36. Phillips, D.L., 2014. ISIS Crisis. American foreign policy interests., 36(6), pp.351–360.
    37. Powell, R., 2011. Forgiveness in Islamic Ethics and Jurisprudence. , p.17.
    38. Power, D.S., 2010. Wael B. Hallaq on the Origins of Islamic Law: A Review Essay. Islamic law and society., 17(1), pp.126–157.
    39. Qadri, A.A., 1963. Islamic jurisprudence in the modern world., Bombay: Tripathi.
    40. Rabb,, Intisar A., I., 2010. Islamic Legal Maxims as Substantive Canons of Construction: Hudūd-Avoidance in Cases of Doubt. Islamic law and society., 17(1), pp.63–125.
    41. Reich, W. & Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 1998. Origins of terrorism: psychologies, ideologies, theologies, states of mind, Washington DC. : Baltimore; London: Woodrow Wilson Center; Johns Hopkins University Press.
    42. Robinson, Chase F, 2010. Modern approaches to early Islamic history. In The New Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 623–647.
    43. Sampson, C. & Lederach, John Paul, 2000. From the ground up: Mennonite contributions to international peacebuilding, Oxford U.P.
    44. Shields, P. & Rissler, G., 2016. Positive Peace: Exploring its Roots and Potential for Public Administration. Global Virtue Ethics Review, 7(3), pp.1–13.
    45. Simpson, S., Boichel, Margery R & Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, 1987. Education in diplomacy: an instructional guide, Lanham, Md.: Univ. Press of America.
    46. Universiti Malaya. Jabatan Al-Qur'an dan Al-Hadith, issuing body, 2003. Al-Bayān: journal of Qur'ān and adīth studies. Al-Bayān: journal of Qur'ān and Ḥadīth studies.
    47. Wolpe, H., 2008. Democracy and Peace-building: Re-thinking the Conventional Wisdom. The roundtable., 97(394), pp.137–145.
    48. Yahya, H., 2001. Solution, the values of the Qur'an, London: Ta-Ha.
    49. Zuhur, S., 2013. Hallaq, Wael B.: The impossible state: Islam, politics, and modernity's moral predicament. Choice, 51(1), p.156.
    50. Zwitter, A., 2011. Human security, law, and the prevention of terrorism, Milton Park, Abingdon; New York: Routledge.